Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the 10 leading cause of deaths in developing countries. Understanding the cause and management of TB and using the idea that can reduce the mortality rate of TB patients. The aim of this study was to assess the review on the cause and management of tuberculosis.

The overview of this study is based on the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2016 worldwide. They estimate the average number of people having TB and the number that died in the world in 2016 in which a large number was from developing countries . The statistic also shows that those having HIV had a greater risk of having TB due to their weak immune system.

TB that have two stages, the infected or latent TB and the active TB. All these two stages of TB  can be managed through active TB is expensive since it attacks the lungs and is commonly known as pulmonary TB. With the help of this review, TB patients will reduce in the world.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacteria generally referred to as mycobacterium tuberculosis; almost every organ in the body can be affected, but the involvement of the lungs account for more than 80% of TB cases.

Tuberculosis affecting the lungs is called Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB), while those affecting other organs are called Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) (Federal Ministry of Health, 2016). The most important source of infection is an untreated Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB), the patient.

When such a person coughs, spits or sneezes, tiny droplet nuclei containing the tubercles are released. Transmission is through inhalation of this tiny droplet nuclei, and the droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to reach the alveoli of the lungs.

In 2016 it was found that about a 10.4million people were having TB with about 3million people dying every year. Out of this infected population, a greater part was from poor communities and areas with dense population.

For people with a healthy immune system, they have only a 10% lifetime chance of the TB bacteria reactivating and causing the active symptoms of TB. If the immune system has been weakened because of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or other illnesses, the risk of moving from an inactive infection to an active symptomatic disease increases to 10% per year.

In 2016 it was found that about a 10.4million people were having TB with about 3million people dying every year. Out of this infected population, a greater part was from poor communities and areas with dense population.

For people with a healthy immune system, they have only a 10% lifetime chance of the TB bacteria reactivating and causing the active symptoms of TB. If the immune system has been weakened because of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or other illnesses, the risk of moving from an inactive infection to an active symptomatic disease increases to 10% per year.

It is important that people who have the disease are identified at the earliest possible stage so that they can receive proper treatment, contacts can be traced for investigation of TB, and measures can be taken to minimize the risk to others.

Statement of the problem 

Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in most countries. It was declared a national emergency in 2006 after which an emergency plan for the cause and control of TB in the most countries was found and developed respectively.

Despite the support of Donor organizations such as the German Leprosy Relief Association and the introduction of DOTS, tuberculosis cases seem to be on the increase in most communities. Also, the observed number of referred patients that troop in hospitals for confirmation of diagnosis and treatment seems to raise anxiety of the community members to an impending wide spread of TB infection.

In 2016, the WHO record an average of about  10.4 million people having TB with an average of  about 3million that death in the world . With this average monthly record the anxiety of the people seems to have risen. Therefore the determination of the causes and management outcome pose serious challenge.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to review the causes and management outcome of  tuberculosis in the world. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to:

1.To review on the different type of TB in the world

2.To review on what cause the different type of TB in the world.

3.To review on how to diagnose and how to manage the different type Of TB.